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Chapter 2

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Al-Jahiz. 776–868 CE. Kitab al-Hayawan (Book of Animals).

Aristotle. 384-322 BCE. History of Animals.

Burkhardt, Richard W. 2013. “Lamarck, Evolution, and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters.” Genetics 194 (4): 793–805.

Corning, Peter A. 2020. “Beyond the Modern Synthesis: A Framework for a More Inclusive Biological Synthesis.” Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 153: 5–12.

Costa, James T. 2017. Darwin’s Backyard: How Small Experiments Led to a Big Theory. New York: W. W. Norton.

Darwin, Charles. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. First Edition. London: John Murray.

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Chapter 3

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D’Asdia, Maria Cecilia, Isabella Torrente, Federica Consoli, Rosangela Ferese, Monia Magliozzi, Laura Bernardini, Valentina Guida, et al. 2013. “Novel and Recurrent EVC and EVC2 Mutations in Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome and Weyers Acrofacial Dyostosis.” European Journal of Medical Genetics 56 (2): 80–87.

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Lieberman, Daniel. Exercised. Random House US, 2021.

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Chapter 4

Balolia, Katharine L., Christophe Soligo, and Bernard Wood. 2017. “Sagittal Crest Formation in Great Apes and Gibbons.” Journal of Anatomy 230 (6): 820–832.

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Kaiser J. (2013, June 26). NIH Will Retire Most Research Chimps, End Many Projects. Retrieved from http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2013/06/nih-will-retire-most-research-chimps-end-many-projects

Nekaris, Anna (2013, May 06). Is Social Media Saving or Enslaving the Slow Loris?: Anna Nekaris at TEDxNashville. Retrieved February 03, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXvAv-Tacxw

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Pozzi, Luca, Jason A. Hodgson, Andrew S. Burrell, Kirstin N. Sterner, Ryan L. Raaum, and Todd R. Disotell. 2014. “Primate Phylogenetic Relationships and Divergence Dates Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genomes.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 75: 165–183.

Setchell, J. (2017, February 08). New Study: 60% of Primate Species Threatened with Extinction. Retrieved from https://www.sapiens.org/evolution/primate-extinction-threat/

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Utami, Sri Suci, Benoît Goossens, Michael W. Bruford, Jan R. de Ruiter, and Jan A. R. A. M. van Hooff. 2002. “Male Bimaturism and Reproductive Success in Sumatran Orang-utans.” Behavioral Ecology 13 (5): 643–652.

Chapter 5

Alex, B. and P. Moorjani (2017, August 09). How Molecular Clocks Are Refining Human Evolution’s Timeline. Retrieved from https://www.sapiens.org/evolution/molecular-clocks/

Berger, L. R., Hawks, J., Ruiter, D. J., Churchill, S. E., Schmid, P., Delezene, L. K., . . . Zipfel, B. (2015, September 10). Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa. Retrieved from https://elifesciences.org/articles/09560

Calloway, E. (2016, March 14). Oldest ancient-human DNA details dawn of Neanderthals. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/news/oldest-ancient-human-dna-details-dawn-of-neanderthals-1.19557

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Daver, Guillaume, F. Guy, Hassane Taïsso Mackaye, Andossa Likius, J-R. Boisserie, Abderamane Moussa, Laurent Pallas, Patrick Vignaud, and Nékoulnang D. Clarisse. 2022. “Postcranial Evidence of Late Miocene Hominin Bipedalism in Chad.” Nature 609 (7925): 94–100.

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Hawks, J., Elliott, M., Schmid, P., Churchill, S. E., Ruiter, D. J., Roberts, E. M., . . . Berger, L. R. (2017, May 09). New fossil remains of Homo naledi from the Lesedi Chamber, South Africa. Retrieved from https://elifesciences.org/articles/24232

Ichumbaki, M., E. B., Cherin, M., Barili, A., Boschian, G., Iurino, D. A., . . . Manzi, G. (2016, December 14). New footprints from Laetoli (Tanzania) provide evidence for marked body size variation in early hominins. Retrieved from https://elifesciences.org/articles/19568

Jablonski, N. G. (2010, February). The Naked Truth. Scientific American. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-naked-truth/

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 Chapter 7

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Cook, Rebecca W., Antonio Vazzana, Rita Sorrentino, Stefano Benazzi, Amanda L. Smith, David S. Strait, and Justin A. Ledogar. 2021. “The Cranial Biomechanics and Feeding Performance of Homo floresiensis.” Interface Focus 11 (5). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2020.0083.

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Degano, Ilaria, Sylvain Soriano, Paola Villa, Luca Pollarolo, Jeannette J. Lucejko, Zenobia Jacobs, Katerina Douka, Silvana Vitagliano, and Carlo Tozzi. 2019. “Hafting of Middle Paleolithic Tools in Latium (Central Italy): New Data from Fossellone and Sant’Agostino Caves.” PLoS ONE 14(10): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213473.

Degioanni Anna, Chritophe Bonenfant, Sandrine Cabut, and Silvana Condemi. 2019. Living on the Edge: Was Demographic Weakness the Cause of Neanderthal Demise? PLoS ONE 14 (5): e0216742.
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Delpiano, Davide, Kristin Heasley, and Marci Peresani. 2018. “Assessing Neanderthal Land Use and Lithic Raw Material Management in Discoid Technology.” Journal of Anthropological Sciences 96: 89–110. https://doi.org/10.4436/jass.96006.

Demeter, Fabrice, Clément Zanolli, Kira E. Westaway, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, Phillippe Duringer, Mike W. Morley, Frido Welker, et al. 2022. “A Middle Pleistocene Denisovan Molar from the Annamite Chain of Northern Laos.” Nature Communications 13 (1): 2557. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24231.

Dirks, Paul H. G. M., Eric M. Roberts, Hannah Hilbert-Wolf, Jan D. Kramers, John Hawks, Anthony Dosseto, Mathieu Duval, et al. 2017. “The Age of Homo naledi and Associated Sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa.” eLife 6: e24231. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24231.

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Esteban, Irene, Curtis W. Marean, Erich C. Fisher, Panagiotis Karkanas, Dan Carbanes, and Rosa M. Albert. 2018. “Phytoliths as an Indicator of Early Modern Humans’ Plant-Gathering Strategies, Fire, Fuel, and Site-Occupation Intensity During the Middle Stone Age at Pinnacle Point 5-6 (South Coast, South Africa).” PLoS One 13 (6): 1–33.

Evteev, Andrej A., Alla A. Movsesian, and Alexandra N. Grosheva. 2017. “The Association between Mid-facial Morphology and Climate in Northeast Europe Differs from That in North Asia: Implications for Understanding the Morphology of Late Pleistocene Homo sapiens.” Journal of Human Evolution 107: 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.02.008.

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Hawks, John, Marina Elliott, Peter Schmid, Steven E. Churchill, Darryl J. de Ruiter, Eric M. Roberts, Hannah Hilbert-Wolf, et al. 2017. “New Fossil Remains of Homo naledi from the Lesedi Chamber, South Africa.” eLife 6: e24232. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24232.

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Chapter 8: Forensics

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Schaefer, Maureen, Sue Black, and Louise Scheuer. Juvenile Osteology: A Laboratory and Field Manual. 2009. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press.

Schall, Jenna L., Tracy L. Rogers, and Jordan D. Deschamps-Braly. 2020. “Breaking the Binary: The Identification of Trans-women in Forensic Anthropology.” Forensic Science International 309: 110220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110220.

Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology (SWGANTH). 2010a. “Personal Identification.” Last modified June 3, 2010. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2018/03/13/swganth_personal_identification.pdf.

Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology (SWGANTH). 2010b. “Sex Assessment.” Last modified June 3, 2010. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2018/03/13/swganth_sex_assessment.pdf.

Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology (SWGANTH). 2011. “Trauma Analysis.” Last modified May 27, 2011. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2018/03/13/swganth_trauma.pdf.

Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology (SWGANTH). 2012. “Stature Estimation.” Last modified August 2, 2012. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2018/03/13/swganth_stature_estimation.pdf.

Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology (SWGANTH). 2013. “Age Estimation.” Last modified January 22, 2013. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2018/03/13/swganth_age_estimation.pdf.

Soler, Angela, and Jared S. Beatrice. 2018. “Expanding the Role of Forensic Anthropology in Humanitarian Crisis: An Example from the USA-Mexico Border. In Sociopolitics of Migrant Death and Repatriation: Perspectives from Forensic Science, edited by Krista E. Latham and Alyson J. O’Daniel, 115–128. New York: Springer.

Soler, Angela, Robin Reineke, Jared Beatrice, and Bruce E. Anderson. 2019. “Etched in Bone: Embodied Suffering in the Remains of Undocumented Migrants.” In The Border and Its Bodies: The Embodiment of Risk along the U.S.-México Line, edited by Thomas E. Sheridan and Randall H. McGuire, 173–207. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Stull, Kyra E., Eric J. Bartelink, Alexandra R. Klales, Gregory E. Berg, Michael W. Kenyhercz, Erica N. L’Abbé, Matthew C. Go, et al.. 2021. “Commentary on: Bethard JD, DiGangi EA. Letter to the Editor—Moving Beyond a Lost Cause: Forensic Anthropology and Ancestry Estimates in the United States. J Forensic Sci. 2020;65(5):1791–2. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14513.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 66 (1): 417–420.

Tallman, Sean D., Caroline D. Kincer, and Eric D. Plemons. 2022. “Centering Transgender Individuals in Forensic Anthropology and Expanding Binary Sex Estimation in Casework and Research.” Special issue, “Diversity and Inclusion,” Forensic Anthropology 5 (2): 161–180.

Tersigni-Tarrant, MariaTeresa A., and Natalie R. Langley. 2017. “Human Osteology.” In Forensic Anthropology: A Comprehensive Introduction, Second Edition, edited by Natalie R. Langley and MariaTeresa A. Tersigni-Tarrant, 81–109. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Ubelaker, Douglas H. 2018. “A History of Forensic Anthropology.” Special issue, “Centennial Anniversary Issue of AJPA,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 165 (4): 915–923.

White, Tim D., and Pieter A. Folkens. 2005. The Human Bone Manual. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.

Winburn, Allysha P., and Bridget Algee-Hewitt. 2021. “Evaluating Population Affinity Estimates in Forensic Anthropology: Insights from the Forensic Anthropology Database for Assessing Methods Accuracy (FADAMA).” Journal of Forensic Sciences 66 (4): 1210–1219.

Winburn, Allysha Powanda, Sarah Kiley Schoff, and Michael W. Warren. 2016. “Assemblages of the Dead: Interpreting the Biocultural and Taphonomic Signature of Afro- Cuban Palo Practice in Florida.” Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage 5 (1): 1–37.

Chapter 9: Medical Anthropology

1. Jermone Gilbert, Humors, Hormones, and Neurosecretions (New York: State University of New York Press, 1962). ↵
2. World Health Organization, “Health Impact Assessment,” http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/. ↵
3. Sally McBrearty and Allison Brooks, “The Revolution That Wasn’t: A New Interpretation of the Origin of Modern Humans,” Journal of Human Evolution 39 (1999), 453-563. ↵
4. U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, “Adult Obesity Facts,” http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html. ↵
5. Marjorie G. Whiting, A Cross Cultural Nutrition Survey (Cambridge, MA: Harvard School of Public Health, 1968). ↵
6. Ian A.M. Prior, “The Price of Civilization,” Nutrition Today 6 no. 4 (1971): 2-11. ↵
7. Steven Connor, “Deadly malaria may have risen with the spread of agriculture,” National Geographic, https://web.archive.org/web/20011112040546/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/06/0625_wiresmalaria.html. ↵
8. Jared Diamond, “The Arrow of Disease,” Discover Magazine, October 1992. http://discovermagazine.com/1992/oct/thearrowofdiseas137. ↵
9. World Health Organization, “Cholera,” https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera. ↵
10. George J. Armelagos and John R. Dewey, “Evolutionary Response to Human Infectious Disease,” BioScience, 25(1970): 271-275. ↵
11. William McNeill, Plagues and People (New York: Doubleday, 1976). ↵
12. Ian Barnes, Anna Duda, Oliver Pybus, Mark G. Thomas. Ancient Urbanisation Predicts Genetic Resistance To Tuberculosis,” Evolution 65 no. 3 (2011): 842-848. ↵
13. George T. Lewith, Acupuncture: Its Place in Western Medical Science (United Kingdom: Merlin Press, 1998). ↵
14. George M. Foster, “Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems,”American Anthropologist 78 no 4 (1976): 773-782. ↵
15. Ibid., 775 ↵
16. S.F. Nadel, The Nuba: An Anthropological Study of the Hill Tribes in Kordofan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947), 173. ↵
17. Foster, “Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems,” 775. ↵
18. A.J. Rubel, “The Epidemiology of a Folk Illness: Susto in Hispanic America,” Ethnology3 (1964): 268-283. ↵
19. Robert T. Trotter II, “Susto: The Context of Community Morbidity Patterns,” Ethnology 21 no. 3 (1982): 215-226. ↵
20. Frank J. Lipp, “The Study of Disease in Relation to Culture: The Susto Complexe Among the Mixe of Oaxaco,” Dialectical Anthropology 12 no. 4 (1987): 435-442. ↵
21. E.E. Evans-Pritchard, Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1937), 70. ↵
22. Leonard B. Glick, “Medicine as an Ethnographic Category: The Gimi of the New Guinea Highlands,” Ethnology 6 (1967): 31-56. ↵
23. Elliott Mishler, “Viewpoint: Critical Perspectives on the Biomedical Model,” inE. Mishler, L.A. Rhodes, S. Hauser, R. Liem, S. Osherson, and N. Waxler, eds.Social Contexts of Health, Illness, and Patient Care (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press). ↵
24. Richard Katz, Megan Biesele, and Verna St. Davis, Healing Makes Our Hearts Happy: Spirituality and Cultural Transformation among the Kalahari Ju/ ’hoansi (Rochester VS, Inner Traditions, 1982), 34. ↵
25. Michael Bliss, William Osler: A Life in Medicine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 276. ↵
26. William Osler, “The Faith That Heals,” British Medical Journal 1 (1910): 1470-1472. ↵
27. Cara Feinberg, “The Placebo Phenomenon,” Harvard Magazine http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/01/the-placebo-phenomenon. ↵
28. Ted J. Kaptchuk, and Franklin G. Miller, “Placebo Effects in Medicine,” New England Journal of Medicine 373 (2015):8-9. ↵
29. Robert Bud, “Antibiotics: From Germophobia to the Carefree Life and Back Again,” in Medicating Modern America: Prescription Drugs in History, ed. Andrea Tone and Elizabeth Siegel Watkins (New York: New York University Press, 2007). ↵
30. H. Benson, J.A. Dusek, J.B. Sherwood, P. Lam, C.F. Bethea, and W. Carpenter, “Study of the Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer (STEP) in Cardiac Bypass Patients: A Multicenter Randomized Trial of Uncertainty and Certainty of Receiving Intercessory Prayer,” American Heart Journal 151 (2006):934–942. ↵
31. National Cancer Institute, “Acupuncture,” http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/acupuncture/healthprofessional/page5. ↵
32. Mira Taow, “The Religious and Medicinal Uses of Cannabis in China, India, and Tibet,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 13(1981): 23-24. ↵
33. Marsella, A. and White, G., eds. Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy (Dordrecht, Netherlands: D. Reidel, 1982). ↵
34. Dominic T.S. Lee, Joan Kleinman, and Arthur Kleinman, “Rethinking Depression: An Ethnographic Study of the Experiences of Depression Among Chinese,” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 15 no 1 (2007):1-8. ↵
35. Arthur Kleinman, Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal Experience (New York: The Free Press, 1988). ↵
36. Robert Lemelson and L.K. Suryani, “Cultural Formulation of Psychiatric Diagnoses: The Spirits, Penyakit Ngeb and the Social Suppression of Memory: A Complex Clinical Case from Bali,” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 30 no. 3 (2006): 389-413. ↵
37. For more information about these studies, see J. Leff et al., “The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia: Five-Year Follow-Up Findings,” Psychological Medicine 22 (1992):131–45; A. Jablensky et al., “Schizophrenia: Manifestations, Incidence and Course in Different Cultures: A World Health Organization Ten-Country Study,” Psychological Medicine Monograph Supplement 20(1992); N. Sartorius et al., “Early Manifestations and First-Contact Incidence of Schizophrenia in Different Cultures,” Psychological Medicine 16 (1986):909–28. ↵
38. Bernice A. Pescosolido, Jack K. Martin, Sigrun Olafsdottir, J. Scott Long, Karen Kafadar, and Tait R. Medina, “The Theory of Industrial Society and Cultural Schemata: Does the ‘Cultural Myth of Stigma’ Underlie the WHO Schizophrenia Paradox?,” American Journal of Sociology 121 no. 3 (2015): 783-825. ↵
39. Collean Barry, Victoria Bresscall, Kelly D. Brownell, and Mark Schlesinger, “Obesity Metaphors: How Beliefs about Obesity Affect Support for Public Policy,” The Milbank Quarterly 87 (2009): 7–47. ↵
40. Peter Conrad and Kristen K. Barker, “The Social Construction of Illness: Key Insights and Policy Implications,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(2010): s57-s79. ↵
41. Peter Attia, “Is the Obesity Crisis Hiding a Bigger Problem?,” TEDMED Talks April 2013 Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/peter_attia_what_if_we_re_wrong_about_diabetes. ↵
42. Anish P. Mahajan, Jennifer N. Sayles, Vishal A. Patel, Robert H. Remien, Daniel Ortiz, Greg Szekeres, and Thomas J. Coates, “Stigma in the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: A review of the Literature and Recommendations for the Way Forward,” AIDS 22 supp. 2 (2008): S67-S79. ↵
43. Elizabeth Pisani, “Sex, Drugs, & HIV: Let’s Get Rational,” TED Talks February 2010. http://www.ted.com/talks/elizabeth_pisani_sex_drugs_and_hiv_let_s_get_rational_1#t-1011824. ↵
44. United Nations, “Poverty and AIDS: What’s Really Driving the Epidemic?” http://www.unfpa.org/conversations/facts.html. ↵
45. Maria Makino, Koji Tsuboi, and Lorraine Dennerstein, “Prevalence of Eating Disorders: A Comparison of Western and Non-Western Countries,” Medscape General Medicine 6 no. 3 (2004):49. ↵
46. Joan Jacobs Brumberg, Fasting girls: The Emergence of Anorexia Nervosa as a Modern Disease (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988). ↵
47. Anne E. Becker, “Television, Disordered Eating, and Young Women in Fiji: Negotiating Body Image and Identity during Rapid Social Change” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 28 no. 4 (2004):533-559. ↵
48. Sing Lee, “Reconsidering the Status of Anorexia Nervosa as a Western Culture-Bound Syndrome,” Social Science & Medicine 42 no. 1 (1996): 21–34. ↵
49. L.A. Rebhun, “Swallowing Frogs: Anger and Illness in Northeast Brazil,” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 8 no. 4 (1994):360-382. ↵
50. Ibid., 369-371 ↵
51. Robert Bud, “Antibiotics: From Germophobia to the Carefree Life and Back Again.” ↵
52. Nancy Scheper Hughes, Death Without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989). ↵
53. World Health Organization, “Antimicrobial Resistance,” http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/. ↵
54. David Koplow, Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003). ↵
55. Jeffery K. Taubenberger, David Baltimore, Peter C. Doherty,  Howard Markel,  David M. Morens, Robert G. Webster, and Ian A. Wilson, “Reconstruction of the 1918 Influenza Virus: Unexpected Rewards from the Past,” mBio 3 no. 5 (2012). ↵
56. Jeffrey Taubenberger and David Morens, “1918 influenza: The Mother of All Pandemics,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12 (2006). ↵
57. Suzanne Clancy, “Genetics of the Influenza Virus,” Nature Education, 1(2008): 83. ↵
58. For more about these and other examples, see Carol P. MacCormack, Ethnography of Fertility and Birth (New York: Academic Press, 1982). ↵
59. Laury Oaks, “The Social Politics of Health Risk Warning: Competing Claims about the Link between Abortion and Breast Cancer,” in Risk, Culture, and Health Inequality: Shifting Perceptions of Danger and Blame, eds. Barbara Herr Harthorn and Laury Oaks (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003). ↵
60. Marcia C. Inhorn, The New Arab Man: Emergent Masculinities, Technologies, and Islam in the Middle East (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012). ↵
61. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “The Multiple Dimensions of Food Security,” http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3458e/i3458e.pdf. ↵
62. World Health Organization, “Urbanization and Health,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 88(2010): 241-320. ↵